900000000000509007: United States of America English language reference set (foundation metadata concept)

SNOMED CT Concept\SNOMED CT Model Component\Foundation metadata concept (foundation metadata concept)\Reference set\Language type reference set (foundation metadata concept)\English [International Organization for Standardization 639-1 code en] language reference set (foundation metadata concept)\US English

Status: current, Not sufficiently defined by necessary conditions definition status (core metadata concept). Date: 31-Jan 2002. Module: SNOMED CT model component module (core metadata concept)

Descriptions:

Expanded Value Set

Outbound Relationships	Type	Target	Active	Characteristic	Refinability	Group	Values
US English	Is a	English [International Organization for Standardization 639-1 code en] language reference set (foundation metadata concept)	true	Inferred relationship	Some

Members	acceptabilityId
A rare genetic neurological disorder with characteristics of progressive spastic paraparesis and delayed gross motor development with an onset in infancy or early childhood. Patients also show variable degrees of intellectual disability, speech delay and dysarthria. Other reported features include microcephaly, seizures, bifid uvula with or without cleft palate and ocular anomalies. Brain imaging shows white matter abnormalities in the periventricular and other regions.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neurological disorder with characteristics of the association of both parkinsonian (such as bradykinesia, rigidity and/or rest tremor) and pyramidal (such as increased reflexes, extensor plantar reflexes, pyramidal weakness or spasticity) manifestations, which vary according to the underlying associated disease (for example neurodegenerative disease, inborn errors of metabolism).	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neurological disorder with characteristics of visual seizures and occipital epileptiform paroxysms reactive to ocular opening which present in infancy to mid-adolescence. Vomiting, tonic eye deviation and impairment of consciousness are typically associated with the Panayiotopoulos type, while visual hallucinations, ictal blindness and post-ictal headache are commonly observed in the Gastaut type. Electroencephalographic findings in both types are similar and include bilateral, synchronous, high voltage spike-wave complexes in a normal background activity located predominantly in the occipital lobes.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neurological disorder with early infantile-onset of seizures, borderline to moderate intellectual disability, cerebellar features including dysarthria and ataxia and cerebellar atrophy and cortical thickening observed on MRI imaging. Seizures are typically focal (with prominent eye blinking, facial and limb jerking), precipitated by fever and often commence with an oral sensory aura. When not properly controlled by anti-epileptic medication, weekly frequency and persistence into adult life is observed.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neurological with characteristics of intrauterine growth retardation, failure to thrive, infantile onset of sensorineural deafness, severe global developmental delay or absent psychomotor development, paraplegia or quadriplegia with dystonia and pyramidal signs, microcephaly, ocular abnormalities (strabismus, optic atrophy), mildly dysmorphic features (deep-set eyes, prominent nasal bridge, micrognathia), seizures and abnormalities of brain morphology (hypomyelinating white matter changes, cerebral atrophy). Caused by hemizygous mutation in the BCAP31 gene on chromosome Xq28.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neurometabolic disease characterized by microcephaly, short stature, epilepsy, cerebral hypomyelination, severe global developmental delay, and progressive spasticity. Macrocytic anemia and hyperthermia have also been reported in association. Brain imaging reveals delayed myelination with minimal progression over time, mild cerebellar atrophy and/or thin corpus callosum.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neurometabolic disease with characteristics of childhood onset of global developmental delay, progressive spastic ataxia leading to loss of independent ambulation and elevated plasma levels of glutamine. Optic atrophy, tremor and dysarthria have also been reported. Brain imaging may show cerebellar atrophy.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neurometabolic disease with characteristics of early neonatal refractory seizures, hypotonia and respiratory failure. Brain imaging reveals simplified gyral pattern of the frontal lobes, white matter abnormalities, gliosis and volume loss in various brain regions and vasogenic edema. Serum glutamine levels are significantly elevated. Death occurs within weeks after birth.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neurometabolic disease with characteristics of early onset encephalopathy with progressive microcephaly, severe global development delay, seizures, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, variable cardiac abnormalities and cataracts. Brain MRI shows distinct pattern with high T2 signal and restricted diffusion in the posterior limb of the internal capsule in combination with delayed myelination and progressive cerebral atrophy. The disease is typically fatal.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neurometabolic disease with characteristics of encephalomyopathy (including developmental delay, nystagmus, progressive ataxia, dystonia, amyotrophy, visual loss, sensorineural deafness, seizures) and bilateral symmetrical lesions in the basal ganglia or brainstem on imaging, associated with nephrotic syndrome.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neurometabolic disease with characteristics of global developmental delay, severe hypotonia, seizures, cataracts, cardiomyopathy (including left or bi-ventricular hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy) and left ventricular non-compaction, typically resulting in infantile or early-childhood death. The usual presentation is metabolic lactic acidosis, failure to thrive, head lag, respiratory problems and decrease in respiratory chain complex activity. Highly variable cerebral abnormalities have been reported and include microcephaly, prominent extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid spaces, diffuse neuronal loss and cortical/white matter gliosis.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neurometabolic disease with characteristics of prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, hypotonia, failure to thrive, large and late-closing fontanel, development delay, cutis laxa, joint laxity, progeroid appearance and dysmorphic facial features. In addition, corneal opacities, cataracts, myopia, seizures, hyperreflexia and athetoid movements have also been associated.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neurometabolic disease with characteristics of severe intellectual disability, spastic quadriparesis, Leber congenital amaurosis and diabetes insipidus. Additional manifestations include facial dysmorphy (dolichocephalic skull, hypertelorism, deep-set eyes, hypoplastic nares, low-set ears), short stature, truncal hypotonia and axial hypertonia. Brain anomalies (e.g. thin corpus callosum with lack of isthmus and tapered splenium, hypoplasia or atrophy of the optic chiasm, prominent lateral ventricles, diminished white matter) described on magnetic resonance imaging have been reported. High prenatal alpha fetoprotein and intrauterine growth restriction is observed in routine pregnancy examination.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neurometabolic disease with characteristics of severe intrauterine growth retardation, failure to thrive, profound neonatal hypotonia, severe global development delay, elevated very long chain fatty acids in plasma, and neonatal cholestasis leading to hepatic failure and death. Other features include ocular abnormalities (for example blindness and cataracts), sensorineural deafness, seizures, and abnormal brain morphology (notably delayed central nervous system myelination and ventriculomegaly).	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neurometabolic disorder characterized by seizures, macrocephaly, delayed motor milestones, moderate intellectual disability, scoliosis with no exostoses, muscular hypotonia present since birth, as well as renal dysfunction. Coarse facial features (including hypertelorism and long hypoplastic philtrum) and bilateral cryptorchidism (in males) are also commonly reported. Additional manifestations include abnormal gastrointestinal motility (resulting in constipation, diarrhea, gastroesophageal reflux and dysphagia), gait disturbances, strabismus and ventricular septal defects.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neurometabolic disorder with characteristics of severe progressive microcephaly, severe to profound global development delay, intellectual disability, seizures (typically tonic and/or myoclonic and frequently intractable), hyperekplexia and axial hypotonia with appendicular spasticity, as well as hyperreflexia, dyskinetic quadriplegia and abnormal brain morphology (cerebral atrophy with variable additional features including ventriculomegaly, pons and/or cerebellar hypoplasia, simplified gyral pattern and delayed myelination). Cortical blindness, feeding difficulties and respiratory insufficiency may also be associated. There is evidence the disease is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the ASNS gene on chromosome 7q21.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neuromuscular disease characterized by congenital hypotonia, generalized, slowly progressive muscular weakness, and proximal joint contractures with distal joint hypermobility and hyperlaxity. Scoliosis or rigidity of the spine and delayed motor milestones are also frequently reported. Other manifestations include a long myopathic face and in rare cases, respiratory failure, mild to moderate intellectual deficiency and short stature. Ambulation may be impaired with time.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neuromuscular disease characterized by normokalemic episodes of painful muscle cramping followed by progressive permanent flaccid weakness. Triggered by stress, cold and exercise and associated with myopathic myopathy and painful acute edema with neuronal compression, foot drop and muscle degeneration when located in the tibialis anterior muscle group.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neuromuscular disease characterized by progressive, symmetrical, moderate to severe, distal muscle weakness and atrophy, without sensory involvement, first affecting the lower limbs (towards the end of the first decade) and then involving (within two years) the upper extremities. Patients typically develop foot drop, pes varus, hammertoes and claw hands. Pyramidal tract signs (e.g. brisk knee reflexes, positive Babinski sign, absent ankle reflexes) are initially associated but regress as disease stabilizes.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neuromuscular disease characterized by proximal muscle weakness with an early involvement of foot and hand muscles following normal motor development in early childhood, a rapidly progressive disease course leading to generalized areflexic tetraplegia with contractures, severe scoliosis, hyperlordosis, and progressive respiratory insufficiency leading to assisted ventilation. Cranial nerve functions are normal and tongue wasting and fasciculations are absent. Milder phenotype with a moderate generalized weakness and slower disease progress was reported. There is evidence the disease is caused by homozygous mutation in the gene encoding pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein, family G member 5 (PLEKHG5) on chromosome 1p36.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neuromuscular disease with characteristics of a progressive muscle weakness starting in the anterior tibial muscles, later involving lower and upper limb muscles, associated with an increased serum creatine kinase levels and absence of dysferlin on muscle biopsy. There is evidence the disease is caused by homozygous mutation in the gene encoding dysferlin (DYSF) on chromosome 2p13. Patients become wheelchair dependent.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neuromuscular disease with characteristics of acute episodic muscle weakness in upper and lower extremities (which responds to acetazolamide treatment) associated with later-onset chronic slowly progressive distal axonal neuropathy.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neuromuscular disease with characteristics of adult-onset muscle weakness and atrophy in a scapuloperoneal distribution, mild involvement of the facial muscles, dysphagia, and gynecomastia. Elevated serum CK levels and mixed myopathic and neurogenic abnormalities are associated clinical findings. Caused by heterozygous mutation in the DES gene on chromosome 2q35.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neuromuscular disease with characteristics of late onset of mild, progressive proximal muscle weakness, severe myalgia during and after exercise, and susceptibility to rhabdomyolysis. Intellectual disability is mild or absent. There are no abnormalities of the skin. Muscle biopsy shows focal depletion of mitochondria especially at the center of muscle fibers, surrounded by enlarged mitochondria at the periphery.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neuromuscular disease with characteristics of length-dependent axonal motor neuropathy predominantly affecting the lower limbs, in combination with a myopathy with morphological features of myofibrillar myopathy with aggregates and rimmed vacuoles. Age of onset is typically in the second to third decade of life. Patients present with slowly progressive muscle weakness and atrophy initially affecting the distal lower limbs and later progressing to involve proximal limbs and also truncal muscles. There is no involvement of respiratory and cardiac muscles.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neuromuscular disease with characteristics of progressive external ocular, facial and pharyngeal muscle weakness, leading to variable degrees of ptosis, ophthalmoparesis, facial muscle atrophy, dysarthria and dysphagia, as well as distal muscle weakness and atrophy of lower and upper extremities. Respiratory muscle involvement is common, but sensorineural hearing loss, asymmetrical extremity weakness and severe proximal weakness are rare.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neuromuscular disorder characterized by proximal and symmetrical muscle weakness (particularly of neck, sternomastoid, facial and diaphragm muscles), spinal rigidity, joint contractures (Achilles tendon, elbows, hands), generalized muscle hypertrophy and early respiratory failure (usually in the first decade of life). Patients typically present delayed motor milestones and grossly elevated serum creatine kinase levels, and with disease progression, forced expiratory abdominal squeeze and nocturnal hypoventilation.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis disorder with characteristics of infantile to early childhood onset of progressive myoclonic seizures (occasionally accompanied by generalized tonic-clonic seizures) and severe progressive neurological regression, leading to psychomotor and cognitive decline, cerebellar ataxia, dementia and, frequently, early death. Vision loss may be associated. EEG typically reveals epileptiform activity with predominance in the posterior region and photosensitivity. Caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the KCTD7 gene on chromosome 7q11.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic neurovascular malformation characterized by sac-like bulging of cerebral arteries due to weakening of the endothelial layer. Familial occurrence is suspected when two or more affected first- to third-degree relatives are present in a family. Aneurysms may remain asymptomatic throughout life, or rupture and thereby cause potentially life-threatening subarachnoid hemorrhage. Patients with familial cerebral saccular aneurysm are more likely to develop more than one brain aneurysm, are at greater risk of rupture, and tend to have poorer outcome after rupture than patients with sporadic cerebral aneurysms.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-acquired combined pituitary hormone deficiency disorder with characteristics of panhypopituitarism (with or without adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency) associated with spine abnormalities, including frequent rigid cervical spine and short neck with limited rotation and variable degrees of sensorineural hearing loss. The anterior pituitary gland is usually abnormal (typically hypoplastic) and rarely a mild developmental delay or intellectual disability may be associated. There is evidence this disease is caused by homozygous mutation in the LHX3 gene on chromosome 9q34.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-dystrophic congenital myopathy disorder characterized by neonatal-onset of severe generalized hypotonia associated with mild psychomotor delay, congenital strabismus with abducens nerve palsy and atrial and/or ventricular septal defects. Cryptorchidism is commonly reported in male patients and muscle biopsy typically reveals increased variability in muscle fiber size.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-dystrophic myofibrillar myopathy disorder with characteristics of late-adult onset of distal and/or proximal limb muscle weakness with initial involvement of posterior lower leg muscles, medial gastrocnemius and soleus. Patients present with ankle weakness followed by weakness of finger and wrist extensors and later of the proximal muscles. Ambulation is usually preserved. Late-onset associated cardiomyopathy and/or neuropathy has been reported in a minority of cases. Caused by heterozygous mutation in the ZASP gene on chromosome 10.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-dystrophic myopathy characterized by early diffuse, progressive muscle and joint contractures that result in severe limitation of movement of axial, proximal and distal joints, walking difficulties in early childhood and toe walking. Patients typically present thin, sclerotic muscles with a woody consistency, mild girdle and proximal limb weakness with moderate distal weakness and scoliosis. Muscle biopsy shows partial collagen VI deficiency at the myofiber basement membrane and absent collagen VI around most endomysial/perimysial capillaries. There is evidence the disease is caused by homozygous mutation in the COL6A2 gene.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-dystrophic myopathy disease with characteristics of childhood-onset severe external ophthalmoplegia, typically without ptosis, associated with mild, very slowly progressive muscular weakness and atrophy, involving the facial, neck flexor and limb muscles. Muscle biopsy shows type 1 fiber uniformity, absent or abnormally small type 2A fibers, increased variability of fiber size, internalized nuclei and/or fatty infiltration.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-dystrophic myopathy with characteristics of the triad of congenital myopathy, dysmorphic features and susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia. Patients present with a wide phenotypic range, including delayed motor development, muscle weakness and fatigability, ptosis and myopathic facies (with or without creatine kinase elevations), skeletal abnormalities (short stature, scoliosis, kyphosis, lumbar lordosis and pectus carinatum/excavatum), mild dysmorphic facial features (hypertelorism, down-slanting palpebral fissures, epicanthic folds, low set ears, micrognathia), webbing of the neck, cryptorchidism, and a susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia and/or rhabdomyolysis due to intensive physical strain, viral infection or statin use.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-severe combined immunodeficiency disease with characteristics of immunodeficiency (manifested by recurrent and/or severe bacterial and viral infections), destructive noninfectious granulomas involving skin, mucosa and internal organs and various autoimmune manifestations (including cytopenia, vitiligo, psoriasis, myasthenia gravis, enteropathy). Immunophenotypically, T-cell and B-cell lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, abnormal specific antibody production and impaired T-cell function are observed.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-severe combined immunodeficiency disorder with characteristics of normal or elevated IgM serum levels with low or absent IgG, IgA and IgE serum concentrations, which manifests with recurrent or severe bacterial infections and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections (in particular, pneumonia due to P. jiroveci, but also chronic cryptosporidial, cryptococcal, cytomegalovirus and toxoplasma infections). Hematologic disorders (neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia) are frequently associated. Immunologic findings reveal decreased numbers of CD27+ memory B cells and lack of germinal center formation.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-severe combined immunodeficiency disorder with characteristics of variable B- and T-cell defects (including defective B-cell differentiation and impaired T-cell proliferation to mitogens and bacterial antigens) and natural killer cell dysfunction (ranging from impaired cytotoxity to lymphopenia) due to IL21R deficiency. The disease manifests with recurrent respiratory and/or gastrointestinal tract infections and in some cases, with severe, chronic, progressive cholangitis and liver cirrhosis associated with cryptosporidial infection.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-syndromic central nervous system malformation with characteristics of absence of the telencephalon and absent or abnormal diencephalic structures, combined with severe abnormalities of the mesencephalon and cerebellum. Further malformations, for example of the hands and feet, have been described in addition.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-syndromic cerebral malformation due to abnormal neuronal migration disease with the association of cortical dysplasia and pontocerebellar hypoplasia, manifesting with global developmental delay, mild to severe intellectual disability, axial hypotonia, strabismus, nystagmus and occasionally, optic nerve hypoplasia. Brain imaging reveals variable malformations, including frontally predominant microgyria, gyral disorganization and simplification, dysmorphic and hypertrophic basal ganglia, cerebellar vermis dysplasia, brainstem/corpus callosum hypoplasia, and/or olfactory bulbs agenesis. Caused by heterozygous mutation in the TUBB3 gene on chromosome 16q24.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-syndromic cerebral malformation due to abnormal neuronal migration disorder characterized by variable-sized, focalized malformations located in any part(s) of the cerebral cortex, which manifests with drug-resistant epilepsy (usually leading to intellectual disability) and behavioral disturbances. Abnormal MRI findings (for example abnormal white and/or gray matter signal, blurred gray-white matter junction, localized volume loss, cortical thickening, abnormal gyral pattern, abnormal hippocampus) and variable histopathologic patterns are associated.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-syndromic cerebral malformation with characteristics of severe intellectual disability, progressive postnatal microcephaly, axial hypotonia, spastic quadriparesis, seizures and facial dysmorphism (bushy eyebrows, hairy forehead, broad nasal root, long flat philtrum, V-shaped upper lip). Additionally, talipes equinovarus, non-obstructive cardiomyopathy, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, obstructive hydrocephalus and autistic features may also be associated. On brain magnetic resonance imaging, the 'butterfly sign' is characteristically observed and cortical calcifications, agenesis of the corpus callosum, ventriculomegaly, brainstem dysplasia and cerebellar vermis hypoplasia have also been described.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-syndromic congenital anomaly of the great arteries characterized by the presence of an isolated patent arterial duct (PDA) (i.e. failure of closure of ductus arteriosis after birth) in several members of the same family. Clinical presentation is similar to the sporadic form and may range from neonatal-onset tachypnea, diaphoresis and failure to thrive to adult-onset atrial arrhythmia, signs and symptoms of heart failure and cyanosis limited to the lower extremities.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-syndromic congenital limb malformation with characteristics of angulation of a digit in the radio-ulnar (coronal) plane, away from the axis of joint flexion-extension, in several members of a single family with no other associated manifestations. Deviation is usually bilateral and commonly involves the fifth finger. Affected digits present trapezoidal or delta-shaped phalanges on imaging.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-syndromic congenital limb malformation with characteristics of unilateral fusion of second to fifth fingers, amalgamation of distal phalanges in a knot-like structure, and second and third-toe fusion. Some individuals present only with webbing between second and third toes without involvement of fingers.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-syndromic cranial nerve and nuclear aplasia malformation. The disease is characterized by the congenital absence of the optic chiasm, resulting from the failure of the optic nerve fibers to cross over and decussate to the contralateral hemisphere, leading to decreased vision, strabismus and congenital nystagmus in infancy.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-syndromic developmental defect during embryogenesis malformation syndrome with characteristics of congenital, non-progressive, occipitofrontal head circumference that is 2 or more standard deviations below the mean for age, gender and ethnicity which is associated with normal brain architecture and uncomplicated by other abnormalities. Borderline to moderate intellectual disability, as well as early psychomotor delay, may or may not be associated.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-syndromic developmental defect of the eye disorder with characteristics of congenital megalocornea associated with spherophakia and/or ectopia lentis leading to pupillary block and secondary glaucoma. Additional features may include flat irides, iridodonesis, axial myopia, very deep anterior chambers, miotic oval pupils without well-defined borders, ocular pain and irritability manifesting as conjunctival injection, corneal edema and central scarring, as well as a high arched palate. Can be caused by homozygous mutation in the LTBP2 gene on chromosome 14q24.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-syndromic developmental defect of the eye disorder with the association of posterior microphthalmia, retinal dystrophy compatible with retinitis pigmentosa, localized foveal schisis and optic disc drusen. Patients present high hyperopia, usually adult-onset progressive nyctalopia and reduced visual acuity and on occasion acute-angle glaucoma. Caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the MFRP gene on chromosome 11q23.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-syndromic limb malformation with characteristics of delayed union or non-union of a long bone, resulting in formation of a false joint, with abnormal mobility and angulation at the pseudoarthrosis site, which manifests with progressive anterolateral forearm or leg bowing, limb shortening, and non-healing fractures. Typical histopathological findings include fibromatosis-like proliferation in the soft tissues with cystic or dysplastic lesions. Neurofibromatosis and osteofibrous dysplasia are frequently associated.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-syndromic obesity disease with characteristics of severe early-onset obesity associated with major hyperphagia and endocrine abnormalities resulting from leptin receptor deficiency. Caused by homozygous mutation in the gene encoding the leptin receptor (LEPR) on chromosome 1p31.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic non-syndromic, congenital limb malformation disorder with characteristics of painless, non-traumatic, non-neurogenic, often bilateral, permanent flexion contracture at the proximal interphalangeal joint of a postaxial finger, resulting in permanent volar inclination of the affected digit. The fifth finger is always involved, but additional digits might also be affected.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic ocular disease with characteristics of congenital nystagmus (horizontal, vertical and/or torsional), foveal hypoplasia, presenile cataracts (with typical onset in the second to third decade of life) and normal irides. Corneal pannus and/or optic nerve hypoplasia may also be present. Caused by heterozygous mutation in the PAX6 gene on chromosome 11p13.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic odontologic disease with characteristics of failure of eruption of non-ankylosed permanent teeth without evidence of obvious mechanical obstruction. Posterior teeth are preferentially affected (typically with involvement of all teeth distal to the most mesial non-erupted tooth), resulting in a posterior open bite. Non-ankylosed teeth tend to become ankylosed, and orthodontic treatment of affected teeth is generally unsuccessful.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic odontologic disease with characteristics of the clinical, radiographic and histologic features of dentin dysplasia and osteosclerosis of all long bones, with heavy cortical bone and narrowed or occluded marrow spaces. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1977.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic odontologic disease with characteristics of the congenital absence of six or more permanent teeth (excluding the third molars) in association with an increased risk for malignancies, ranging from gastrointestinal polyposis to early-onset colorectal cancer and/or breast cancer. Ectodermal dysplasia (manifesting with sparse hair and/or eyebrows) may also be associated.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic orofacial clefting malformation syndrome with characteristics of severe frontonasal dysplasia with complete cleft palate, facial cleft, extreme microphthalmia and hypertelorism. Frequently associated with eyelid colobomata, sparse or absent eyelashes/eyebrows, wide nasal bridge with hypoplastic alae nasi, low-set, posteriorly rotated ears and caudal appendage in the sacral region. There is evidence the disease is caused by homozygous mutation in the ALX1 gene on chromosome 12q21.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic otorhinolaryngologic disease characterized by respiratory morbidity due to lack of cilia on the respiratory tract epithelial cells. The disease manifests from birth with respiratory distress, neonatal pneumonia, dyspnea, lobar atelectasis and bronchiectasis. Recurrent infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, chronic humid coughing, and chronic sinusitis, otitis and rhinitis are typical lifelong presenting conditions.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic otorhinolaryngological malformation with characteristics of congenital impatency of the nasolacrimal drainage system in various members of a family. Presentation is not specific and may include a uni or bilateral medial canthal mass, dacryocystitis, nasal obstruction, periorbital cellulitis and epiphora. Dacryocystocele and lacrimal puncta agenesis may be associated.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic overgrowth or tall stature syndrome with skeletal involvement and characteristics of early and proportional overgrowth, osteopenia, lumbar scoliosis, arachnodactyly of the hands and feet, macrodactyly of the hallux, coxa valga with epiphyseal dysplasia of the femoral capital epiphyses and susceptibility to slipped capital femoral epiphysis. There is evidence the disease is caused by heterozygous mutation in the NPR2 gene on chromosome 9p13.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic overgrowth syndrome characterized by global developmental delay, macrosomia with subsequent somatic overgrowth, bilateral cystic lung lesions, congenital nephromegaly and bilateral Wilms tumor. Craniofacial dysmorphism includes macrocephaly, frontal bossing, large anterior fontanelle, mild hypertelorism, ear pit, flat nasal bridge, anteverted nares and mild micrognathia. Additional features may include brain and skeletal anomalies, enlarged protuberant abdomen, fat pads on dorsum of feet and toes, and rugated soles with skin folds, as well as umbilical/inguinal hernia and autistic behavior.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic overgrowth syndrome with characteristics of non-progressive, asymmetrical, moderate hemihyperplasia (frequently affecting the limbs) associated with slow growing, painless, multiple, recurrent, subcutaneous lipomatous masses distributed throughout entire body (in particular back, torso, extremities, fingers, axillae). Superficial vascular malformations may also be associated. Increased risk of intra-abdominal embryonal malignancies may be associated.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic parenchymal hepatic disease with characteristics of acute liver failure that occurs in the first year of life, which manifests with failure to thrive, hypotonia, moderate global developmental delay, seizures, abnormal liver function tests, microcytic anemia and elevated serum lactate. Other associated features include hepato-steatosis and fibrosis, abnormal brain morphology, and renal tubulopathy. Minor illness exacerbates deterioration of liver failure. There is evidence the disease may be caused by homozygous mutation in the LARS gene on chromosome 5q32.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic parenchymatous liver disease with characteristics of infantile or early childhood onset of recurrent episodes of acute liver failure precipitated by a febrile illness. During the life-threatening episodes, patients present with vomiting, lethargy, jaundice as well as elevated levels of liver enzymes and coagulopathy. There is usually complete recovery between the episodes with conservative treatment.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic parenchymatous liver disease with characteristics of pre and postnatal growth retardation, mild global developmental delay, chronic hepatitis with hepatosplenomegaly, Hashimoto thyroiditis, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic peripheral neuropathy disorder characterized by recurrent stereotyped episodic intense pain occurring predominantly in either the upper body or lower limbs in several members of a family. The pain is triggered or exacerbated by fatigue, cold exposure, fasting, weather changes and/or physical stress or exertion and may or may not diminish with age. Sweating and other manifestations such as tachycardia, breathing difficulties and generalized pallor may be associated.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic peripheral neuropathy disorder due to gain-of-function mutations in voltage-gated sodium channels present in the small peripheral nerve fibers characterized by neuropathic pain of varying intensity (often beginning in the distal extremities and with a burning quality) associated with autonomic dysfunction (for example orthostatic dizziness, palpitations, dry eyes and mouth), abnormal quantitative sensory testing and reduction in intraepidermal nerve fiber density. Large fiber functions (such as normal strength, tendon reflexes and vibration sense) and nerve conduction studies are typically normal.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic peripheral neuropathy with characteristics of complete congenital insensitivity to painful stimuli commonly associated with neuropathic arthropathy. In addition, patients are typically anosmic. Caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the SCN9A gene on chromosome 2q24.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic peripheral neuropathy with characteristics of congenital insensitivity to pain, muscular hypotonia and gastrointestinal disturbances. Patients present with delayed motor milestones achievement, self-mutilations, skin ulcers, poor wound healing, painless fractures, hyperhidrosis, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea and/or constipation. Cognitive development is normal. Caused by heterozygous mutation in the SCN11A gene on chromosome 3p22.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic peripheral neuropathy with characteristics of early hypotonia evolving to spastic paraparesis, areflexia, decreased pain and temperature sensitivity, autonomic neuropathy, gastroesophageal reflux disease, recurrent pneumonia and respiratory problems. Patients also have intellectual disability and dysmorphic features, including mild brachycephalic microcephaly, short broad neck, low anterior hairline and coarse face. Caused by homozygous mutation in the TECPR2 gene on chromosome 14q32.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy with an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern and the childhood to adolescent-onset of progressive, distal muscle weakness and atrophy (beginning in the lower extremities and then affecting the upper extremities), as well as distal, pan sensory loss in the upper and lower extremities, pes cavus, and absent or reduced distal tendon reflexes. Pain and paresthesia are frequently the initial sensory symptoms. Spastic paraparesis (manifested by clasp-knife sign, hyperactive deep-tendon reflexes, and Babinski sign) has also been reported.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy with an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern and the infancy to childhood-onset of progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy (first appearing and more prominent in the lower extremities than the upper) which usually manifests with foot drop and gait disturbance, bilateral profound prelingual sensorineural hearing loss and progressive optic neuropathy. Females are asymptomatic and do not display the phenotype.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy with an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern and the infantile to childhood-onset of progressive, distal muscle weakness and atrophy (more prominent in the lower extremities than in the upper extremities), pes cavus, and absent tendon reflexes. Sensory impairment and intellectual disability has been reported in some individuals.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic persistent combined dystonia disorder characterized by slowly progressive severe caudo-rostrally spreading generalized dystonia with prominent facial and oro-mandibular involvement leading to severe anarthria and/or aphonia, swallowing difficulties and gait disturbances. Additional manifestations include slowed horizontal saccades, subclinical epilepsy, photic myoclonus, oral hypertrophic changes (for example gingival or lingual hyperplasia) as well as delayed milestones and cognitive impairment.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic persistent combined dystonia with characteristics of clinical signs similar to ataxia-telangiectasia but with a later (usually adulthood) onset and slower progression. Patients typically present with extrapyramidal signs, such as resting tremor, choreoathetosis and dystonia, as the initial symptoms and later often develop mild cerebellar ataxia (with gait usually preserved). Telangiectasia and immunodeficiency may be absent but secondary features of ataxia-telangiectasia, such as risk of malignancy, dysarthria and peripheral neuropathy, are frequently present.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic phospho-calcic metabolism disorder characterized by early-onset hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypercalciuria, decreased intact parathyroid hormone serum levels and medullary nephrocalcinosis, typically manifesting with failure to thrive, hypotonia, vomiting, constipation and/or polyuria.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic pigmentation anomaly of the skin syndrome with characteristics of ventral as well as dorsal leukoderma of the trunk and a congenital white forelock in association with cerebellar ataxia, impaired motor coordination, intellectual disability of variable severity and progressive, mild to profound, unilateral or bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1971.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic polymalformative syndrome with increased risk of developing cancer, with characteristics of a Noonan-like phenotype, including typical dysmorphic facial features (such as high forehead, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, ptosis, low-set ears, prominent philtrum and short neck with or without pterygium colli), thoracic abnormalities, congenital heart defects and short stature, associated with a very frequent occurrence of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Developmental delay, ectodermal anomalies, joint laxity and hypotonia may also be associated. Caused by heterozygous mutation in the CBL gene.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic pontocerebellar hypoplasia subtype with characteristics of severe psychomotor developmental delay, progressive microcephaly, progressive spasticity, seizures and brain abnormalities consisting of mild atrophy of the cerebellum, pons and corpus callosum and cortical atrophy with delayed myelination. Patients may present dysmorphic facial features (high arched eyebrows, prominent eyes, long palpebral fissures and eyelashes, broad nasal root and hypoplastic alae nasi) and an axonal sensorimotor neuropathy. Caused by homozygous mutation in the CLP1 gene on chromosome 11q12.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic premature aging disease characterized by sensorineural deafness, generalized lack of subcutaneous fatty tissue (although with increased truncal deposition) noted from childhood, scleroderma, and facial dysmorphism which includes prominent eyes, a beaked nose, small mouth, crowded teeth and mandibular hypoplasia. Other associated features include growth delay, joint contractures, telangiectasia, hypogonadism (with lack of breast development in females), cryptorchidism, skeletal muscle atrophy, and hypertriglyceridemia and diabetes mellitus/insulin resistance. Caused by heterozygous mutation in the POLD1 gene on chromosome 19q13.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic premature aging syndrome characterized by adulthood-onset cutaneous manifestations that result in a prematurely aged appearance (such as premature thinning and graying of scalp hair, loss of subcutaneous fat, tightening of skin) associated with prominent cardiovascular manifestations, such as accelerated atherosclerosis, calcific valve disease, and cardiomyopathy. Patients present loss of eyebrows and eyelashes in childhood and have a predisposition to develop malignancies.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bent bone dysplasia characterized by significant, uni/bilateral, lateral tibial bowing localized to the distal two-thirds of the tibia, with respective cortical thickening and thinning of the inner and outer tibial curve, loss of normal trabecular bone, bilateral abnormalities of the tibial epiphyses and growth plates, as well as foot abnormalities, including abnormally high arches. Affected individuals have short stature with absence of other skeletal abnormalities.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bent bone dysplasia with characteristics of anterior diaphyseal bowing of the tibia and fibula, broadening of the fibula, posterior cortical thickening of both bones and short stature. Additional skeletal abnormalities include scoliosis with marked lumbar lordosis, horizontal sacrum and square iliac wings and/or, less frequently, vertebral malformations, abnormal shape of the clavicles and ribs, calvarial hyperostosis and delayed eruption of permanent teeth. Delayed ambulation is also frequently associated.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia and lethal form of neonatal short-limbed dwarfism, with characteristics of anisospondyly, severe short stature and limb shortening, metaphyseal flaring and distinct dysmorphic features (flat facial appearance, abnormal ears, short neck, narrow thorax). Additional features may include other skeletal findings (for example joint contractures, bowed limbs, talipes equinovarus) and urogenital and cardiovascular abnormalities.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia characterized by prenatal onset of disproportionate short stature, shortening of the limbs, congenital joint dislocations, micrognathia, posterior cleft palate, brachydactyly, short metacarpals and irregular size of the metacarpal epiphyses, supernumerary carpal ossification centers and dysmorphic facial features. In addition, hearing impairment and mild psychomotor delay have also been reported. Caused by homozygous mutation in the IMPAD1 gene on chromosome 8q12.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia disorder characterized by midface hypoplasia, short stature, generalized joint laxity, multiple joint dislocations (most frequently of knees and hips), limb malalignment (genu valgum/varum) and progressive spinal deformity (for example kyphosis/scoliosis). Radiography reveals distinctive slender metacarpals and metatarsals, as well as small, irregular epiphyses, metaphyseal irregularities with vertical striations, constricted femoral necks and mild platyspondyly among others.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia disorder with characteristics of disproportionate short stature with mesomelic short limbs, leg bowing, lumbar lordosis, brachydactyly, joint laxity and a waddling gait. Radiographs show platyspondyly with central protrusion of anterior vertebral bodies, kyphotic angulation and very short long bones with dysplastic epiphyses and flared, irregular, cupped metaphyses.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia disorder with characteristics of disproportionate short stature with shortening of upper and lower limbs, short and broad fingers with short hands, narrowed chest with rib abnormalities and pectus excavatum, abnormal chondral calcifications (including larynx, trachea and costal cartilages) and facial dysmorphism (frontal bossing, hypertelorism, prominent eyes, short flat nose, wide nostrils, high-arched palate, long philtrum). Platyspondyly (especially of cervical spine) and abnormal epiphyses and metaphyses are observed on radiography. Atlantoaxial instability causing spinal compression and recurrent respiratory disease are potential complications that may be lethal.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia disorder with characteristics of early-onset severe lumbar kyphosis, marked brachydactyly and irregular, pronounced cone epiphyses of the metacarpals and phalanges. Additional reported features include developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, epileptic seizures and mild facial dysmorphism (including long and thin or square-shaped face, slight mid-face hypoplasia, hypertelorism, epicanthic folds, low-set ears, anteverted nostrils). Radiographic findings also reveal hypoplasia of iliac wings and anterior defect of vertebral bodies.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia disorder with characteristics of increased bone fragility manifesting with multiple childhood-onset vertebral and peripheral fractures that are associated with increased bone mass density on radiometric examination. Patients typically present normal or mild short stature and dentinogenesis, hearing and sclerae are commonly normal.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia disorder with characteristics of severe pre and post-natal short stature, facial dysmorphism (including dolicocephaly, long triangular face, tall forehead, down-slanting palpebral fissures, prominent nose, long philtrum, small ears) early-onset or postpubertal sparse, short hair and hypoplastic fingernails. Small hands with tapering fingers, brachydactyly and fifth-finger clinodactyly as well as a high-pitched voice are also associated. There is evidence the disease can be caused by homozygous mutation in the POC1A gene on chromosome 3p21.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia disorder with characteristics of short stature, hyperlordosis, protuberant abdomen, mild bilateral genu varum, bowed and shortened forearms with limited elbow extension and discrete facial dysmorphism (prominent forehead, hypertelorism, flat nasal bridge). Radiographically moderate platyspondyly, including posterior wedging with anterior bullet-shaped vertebral bodies, with minimal metaphyseal abnormalities are observed.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia with characteristics of disproportionate short stature with short, stiff neck and trunk and relatively long limbs, fingers and toes (which may present flexion contractures), severe vertebral body ossification delay, markedly enlarged round epiphyses of the long bones, absent ossification of pubic bones and multiple pseudoepiphyses of the short tubular bones in hands and feet. Neurological manifestations resulting from cervical spine instability may be observed. There is evidence the disease is caused by homozygous inactivating mutations in the NKX3-2 gene on chromosome 4p15.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia with characteristics of laxity, dislocations and contractures of the joints, short stature, foot deformities (e.g. clubfeet), broad tips of fingers and toes, short neck, dysmorphic facial features (hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, upturned nose with anteverted nares, high arched palate) and various cardiac malformations. Severe disease is associated with multiple fractures, osteopenia, arachnodactyly and blue sclerae. A broad spectrum of additional features, including scoliosis, radio-ulnar synostosis, mild developmental delay and various eye disorders (glaucoma, amblyopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, ptosis), are also reported.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia with characteristics of the presence of a benign fibro-osseous, osteolytic tumor typically located in the tibia (occasionally the fibula, or both) and usually involving the anterior diaphyseal cortex with adjacent cortical expansion. It may on occasion be asymptomatic or may present with a palpable mass, pain, tenderness and/or anterior bowing of the tibia.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia with characteristics of three distinct phenotypes, namely: 1.Patients of average height with painful, osteoarthritic changes of the hip joints and no spinal abnormalities, 2.Short-statured patients with predominantly truncal shortening, arm span exceeding height, dysplastic changes of hips and varying degrees of platyspondyly, and 3.Patients with dwarfism, various associated skeletal abnormalities (particularly of the knees and hands) and severe epiphyseal dysplasia (of hips, knees, hands, wrists) associated with significant platyspondyly. Most patients cannot walk long distances and many have decreased joint spaces and sclerotic and cystic changes on imaging.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia with decreased bone density disorder with characteristics of childhood-onset osteoporosis associated with recurrent, multiple, osteoporotic, long bone fractures and/or vertebral compression fractures, significant height loss in adulthood, low bone mineral density scores and otherwise no other abnormalities. Heterozygote females may be unaffected or have a milder phenotype. There is evidence the disease can be caused by mutation in the PLS3 gene on chromosome Xq23.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia with decreased bone density with characteristics of fetal lethality, severe hypomineralization of the entire skeleton, barrel shaped thorax with short ribs, multiple intrauterine fractures of ribs and long bones, ascites, pleural effusion and ventriculomegaly. Variable congenital developmental anomalies affecting the brain, lungs and kidneys have also been associated.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia with highly variable phenotype typically characterized by platyspondyly, brachydactyly type E changes (short metacarpals and metatarsals, short distal phalanges in hands and feet), bilateral short ulnae and mild short stature. Other reported features include additional skeletal findings (e.g. midface hypoplasia, degenerative changes in proximal femora, limited elbow extension, bilateral sacralization of L5, clubfeet), as well as myopia, hearing loss, and intellectual disability.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia with increased bone density disorder with characteristics of benign isolated calvarial thickening presenting with prominent frontoparietal bones, a high forehead with ridging of the metopic and sagittal sutures, lateral frontal prominences and facial dysmorphism comprising a flat nasal root and short upturned nose. Increased intracranial pressure and cranial nerve entrapment are not associated. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1986.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare genetic primary bone dysplasia with increased bone density disorder with characteristics of bone abnormalities, including metaphyseal plaques, osteopathia striata, marked cranial sclerosis, and sclerosis of the ribs and long bones, as well as macrocephaly, cleft palate, hearing loss, developmental delay, and facial dysmorphism (hypertelorism, prominent forehead, wide nasal bridge). Hypotonia, tracheo/laryngomalacia, and astigmatic myopia are also associated.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)

Start Previous Page 156 of 12891 Next End

Reference Sets

Reference set descriptor

Back to Start

Id	Description	Lang	Type	Status	Case?	Module
900000000001115012	United States of America English language reference set	en	Synonym (core metadata concept)	Active	Entire term case sensitive (core metadata concept)	SNOMED CT model component module (core metadata concept)
900000000001116013	US English	en	Synonym (core metadata concept)	Active	Entire term case sensitive (core metadata concept)	SNOMED CT model component module (core metadata concept)
900000000001117016	United States of America English language reference set (foundation metadata concept)	en	Fully specified name	Active	Entire term case sensitive (core metadata concept)	SNOMED CT model component module (core metadata concept)