900000000000509007: United States of America English language reference set (foundation metadata concept)

SNOMED CT Concept\SNOMED CT Model Component\Foundation metadata concept (foundation metadata concept)\Reference set\Language type reference set (foundation metadata concept)\English [International Organization for Standardization 639-1 code en] language reference set (foundation metadata concept)\US English

Status: current, Not sufficiently defined by necessary conditions definition status (core metadata concept). Date: 31-Jan 2002. Module: SNOMED CT model component module (core metadata concept)

Descriptions:

Expanded Value Set

Outbound Relationships	Type	Target	Active	Characteristic	Refinability	Group	Values
US English	Is a	English [International Organization for Standardization 639-1 code en] language reference set (foundation metadata concept)	true	Inferred relationship	Some

Members	acceptabilityId
A rare aggressive malignant hepatic tumor arising from the hepatocytes. It develops mainly in children over 10 years of age, either in a cirrhotic background, or more commonly in a non-cirrhotic background. The main presenting manifestations are abdominal mass with pain, swelling and discomfort, weight loss, and anorexia. Splenomegaly, nausea, vomiting and jaundice are less commonly observed. Metastases to the mediastinal lymph nodes, lungs, brain and bone marrow are common in advanced disease May be associated with congenital diseases such as biliary atresia. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is frequently activated via stabilizing mutations in beta-catenin: some patients have been found to have mutations in the CTNNB1 (3p21) and MET (7q31) genes. TP53 (17p13.1) gene and the TERT promoter are mutated in 25-30% and 60% of cases respectively.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare aggressive neoplastic disease with the presence of a melanocyte neoplasm that develops in any mucosal membrane. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the site of occurrence.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare aggressive primary cervical neoplasm originating from neuroendocrine cells present in the lining epithelium of the cervix. Macroscopic characteristics are usually large lesions sometimes with a barrel-shaped appearance. Patients often present with abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, pelvic/abdominal pain, post-coital spotting and/or dysuria, while symptoms related to carcinoid syndrome are not frequent.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare and benign but locally aggressive fibrovascular tumor arising from the posterolateral wall of the nasopharynx, which affects mainly young and adolescent males (onset usually occurring between 7-19 years of age) and that presents as a mass in the nasopharynx and nasal cavity, leading to manifestations such as nasal obstruction, epistaxis, profound facial swelling, proptosis or diplopia. Although slowly progressive, it has a high rate of recurrence and sometimes invades adjacent structures.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare and crippling chondrodysplasia, reported mainly in the Maputaland region in northern Kwazulu Natal, South Africa, with features of bilateral and uniform arthropathy of the joints that primarily and most severely affects the hip but that can also affect many other joints. Manifests with pain and stiffness that progressively limits joint movement, eventually compromising a patient's ability to walk. Severe short stature and brachydactyly has been reported in a few patients with the disorder.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare and isolated orofacial defect with manifestation of incomplete median clefts of both the lower lip (limited to the vermilion, with no muscle involvement) and upper lip (with muscle involvement), double labial frenulum and fusion of the upper gingival and upper labial mucosa (resulting in a shallow upper vestibular fold), in addition to poor dental alignment, and increased interdental distance between the lower and upper median incisors. Variable expressivity has been reported in an affected family.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare and severe chronic disease characterized by recurrent chronic eczema mainly affecting seborrheic areas, a generalized fine papular rash, chronic nasal discharge with crusting of the anterior nares, and non-virulent Staphylococcus aureus or beta-hemolytic Streptococcus infections, thought to be a result of HTLV-1-induced immunosuppression.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare and severe disorder of urea cycle metabolism most commonly characterized by either a neonatal-onset of severe hyperammonemia that occurs few days after birth and manifests with lethargy, vomiting, hypothermia, seizures, coma and death or a presentation outside the newborn period at any age with (sometimes) milder symptoms of hyperammonemia. The disease is due to mutations in the CPS1 gene (2p) that encodes carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I (CPS1), an enzyme located in the mitochondrial matrix of hepatocytes and epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa that controls the first step of the urea cycle where ammonia is converted into carbamoyl-phosphate. Mutations in this gene lead to an interruption in the urea cycle and excess nitrogen is not converted to urea for excretion by the kidneys, leading to hyperammonemia. Inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare anomaly of puberty or/and menstrual cycle with characteristics of recurrent fevers (higher than 38 degrees Celsius) associated with the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in women.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare anomaly with characteristics of fixation of the scapula to the first rib, resulting in a cosmetic deformity with rounding of the shoulders and loss of the anterior clavicular contour. It has been described only once in several members of a single family from Canada. The abnormality resulted in a strong pectoral girdle with lack of mobility. Movements requiring rotation or retraction of the scapula were limited, but this does not normally interfere with daily activities.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare anomaly with characteristics of progressive, asymmetrical, non-neoplastic overgrowth of a mandibular condyle. It is unilateral in most cases and leads to progressive facial asymmetry, mandibular deviation, articular dysfunction and dental malocclusion.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare anterior segment developmental anomaly without extraocular manifestations with characteristics of predominant iris and lens abnormalities, including iris hypoplasia, iris transillumination defects, ectropion uveae, corectopia, iridodonesis with ectopia lentis, and cataracts, with bilateral involvement. Increased intraocular pressure is absent in most patients.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare arthrogryposis syndrome with characteristics of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with contractures involving multiple joints of the upper and lower limbs, camptodactyly of fingers and toes, skeletal abnormalities such as scoliosis and pectus excavatum, as well as variable speech and motor delay and hypotonia. Facial dysmorphism includes long eyelashes, periorbital fullness, ptosis, epicanthal folds, high arched/cleft palate and micrognathia.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare association of malformations described in only three patients including two siblings. The first patient had profound intellectual deficit and clinical features including short stature, coarse face, deep-set eyes, microphthalmia, large ears, gynoid obesity, imperforate anus, sacral spina bifida, pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias, persistence of Mullerian structures, and low gonadotrophin levels. His XY sibling was raised as a girl, was slightly mentally impaired and had microphthalmia and large ears and short stature. The third patient had severe hearing loss, ocular colobomata, hypogonadism of central origin, distinct craniofacial features and skeletal anomalies with cervical spina bifida, hyperkyphosis and thoracic deformity. All patients had a normal 46, XY karyotype. Inheritance could be either autosomal recessive or X-linked.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare association syndrome, reported in several members of two families to date with characteristics of arterial dissection, occurring at an early age and presenting with a range of manifestations depending on the vascular territory involved, in association with cystic medial necrosis and multiple lentigines.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare auto inflammatory syndrome defined as recurrence of pericardial inflammation of unknown origin following the first episode of acute pericarditis and a symptom-free interval of 4-6 weeks or longer. Recurrent attacks of chest pain may be the sole presentation or chest pain may be accompanied by pericardial friction rub, electrocardiographic or echocardiographic changes, pericardial effusion and increased C-reactive protein. Cardiac tamponade is a rare life-threatening complication.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of the skin and sometimes other organs. It is classified into two main forms: localized scleroderma and systemic sclerosis (SSc), the latter comprising three subsets; diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc), limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and limited SSc (lSSc). Localized scleroderma is the cutaneous form of scleroderma characterized by fibrosis of the skin causing cutaneous plaques (morphea) or strips (linear scleroderma). Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a generalized disorder characterized by fibrosis and vascular obliteration in the skin and organs, particularly, lungs, heart, and digestive tract. The exact cause of scleroderma is unknown. The disease originates from an autoimmune reaction, which leads to localized overproduction of collagen. In some cases, the condition is associated with exposure to chemicals. Other suggested causes include genetic and infectious mechanisms.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autoinflammatory disease and form of mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD), characterized by periodic attacks of fever and a systemic inflammatory reaction (cervical lymphadenopathy, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, arthralgia and skin manifestations). The disease usually begins in the first year of life and rarely after 5 years of age. HIDS is an inherited syndrome caused by mutations in the mevalonate kinase (MVK) gene (12q24). These MVK mutations lead to reduced, but not abolished enzyme activity. This in turn leads to impaired control of the production of inflammatory mediators, which in turn cause inflammatory (fever) attacks. The disease follows an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autoinflammatory syndrome with characteristics of episodic and recurrent periods of fever combined with various systemic manifestations such as myalgia, arthralgia, joint swelling, urticaria, headache and skin rash. Common trigger of these episodes is cold. There is evidence the disease is caused by heterozygous mutation in the NLRP12 gene on chromosome 19q13.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autoinflammatory syndrome with characteristics of the presence of features of relapsing polychondritis and Behcet disease in the same individual. This includes cartilage inflammation of the ears, nose, throat and rib cage as well as recurrent oral and genital ulcers respectively. Patients may also present ocular involvement (in particular anterior uveitis or scleritis), arthritis, fever, colitis, thrombophlebitis, and central nervous system vasculitis or in rare cases arterial aneurysms. Symptoms of polychondritis occur secondary to those of Behcet disease in the vast majority of cases.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal anomaly due to the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 4 in a fraction of all cells with a variable phenotype. Typical characteristics are intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight/length/head circumference, mild intellectual deficit, congenital heart defects, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dysmorphic features (asymmetry of the face, eyebrow anomalies, low-set, posterior rotated, dysplastic ears, micro-/retrognathia), characteristic thumb abnormalities (aplasia, hypoplasia) and skin abnormalities (hypo/hyperpigmentation). Delayed puberty may be associated.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal anomaly syndrome with a highly variable phenotype and typical characteristics of short length, joint abnormalities (for example dysplasia, hyperextensibility, contractures, dislocation), congenital cardiac defects, and craniofacial dysmorphism (including microcephaly, a high prominent narrow and/or hairy forehead, epicanthus, upward-slanting and/or small palpebral fissures, broad high or depressed nasal bridge and malformed ears). Delayed motor development and intellectual disability is observed in patients not presenting early demise.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant autoinflammatory syndrome characterized by early onset systemic inflammation with autoimmune manifestations and more rarely, humoral immune deficiency and increased production of circulating proinflammatory cytokines. Variable manifestations include recurrent oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, arthralgia or arthritis, periodic fever, uveitis and severe gastrointestinal involvement (pain, diarrhea, vomiting, rectal bleeding).	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type I disorder with characteristics of late adult-onset of slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia, typically presenting with balance and gait disturbances, in association with axonal peripheral neuropathy resulting in reduced/absent deep tendon reflexes and sensory impairment. Lower limb pain and amyotrophy may be present, as well as various cerebellar signs, including dysarthria, nystagmus, hypometric saccades and tremor.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type III disorder with characteristics of adult-onset progressive imbalance and loss of coordination associated with an ataxic gait. Mild atrophy of the cerebellar vermis has been reported on brain magnetic resonance imaging.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia with characteristics of pure and slowly progressive cerebellar signs combining gait instability, dysarthria, nystagmus, saccadic eye movements and diplopia. Less frequent clinical signs and symptoms include spasticity, hyperreflexia, decreased distal vibration sense, urinary urgency or incontinence and postural tremor.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia with characteristics of slowly progressive late-onset cerebellar ataxia variably combined with sensory axonal neuropathy. Patients may present gait and limb ataxia, dysarthria, abnormal oculomotor function and distal sensory impairment. Cerebellar atrophy is typically mild or absent.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia with characteristics of slowly progressive late-onset gait and limb ataxia, dysarthria and variable nystagmus. Brain imaging reveals cerebellar atrophy.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant condition characterized by variable expression of microcephaly, ocular disorders including chorioretinopathy, congenital lymphedema of the lower limbs and mild to moderate intellectual disability. The exact prevalence is not known but the disorder is thought to be rare. The microcephaly is primary, and the severity is variable even within families. Mild to moderate learning difficulties are common. A characteristic facial phenotype including up slanting palpebral fissures, broad nose with rounded tip, anteverted nares, long philtrum with thin upper lip, and prominent chin and ears is well recognized. There is likely to be genetic heterogeneity. However, a significant proportion of cases are caused by mutations in the kinesin family member 11 (KIF11) gene (10q24.1). Inheritance is autosomal dominant with variable expression and reduced penetrance.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant congenital non-dystrophic myopathy characterized by neonatal or infantile-onset hypotonia and mild to severe generalized muscle weakness. Causative gene mutation is ACTA1 (1q42.13).	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant congenital non-dystrophic myopathy characterized by neonatal or infantile-onset hypotonia and mild to severe generalized muscle weakness. Causative gene mutation is TPM3 (1q21.3).	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant congenital non-dystrophic myopathy characterized by neonatal or infantile-onset hypotonia and mild to severe generalized muscle weakness. Caused by SELENON (1p36.11) gene mutation.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a generalized enlargement of the gingiva occurring at birth or during childhood that is associated with generalized hypertrichosis developing at birth, during the first years of life, or at puberty and predominantly affecting the face, upper limbs, and midback.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant disorder with features of aplasia, atresia or hypoplasia of the lacrimal and salivary glands leading to varying manifestations from infancy such as recurrent eye infections, irritable eyes, epiphora, xerostomia, dental caries, dental erosion and oral inflammation.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant distal hereditary motor neuropathy disease with characteristics of muscle weakness and wasting predominantly affecting the hands, in particular the thenar and first dorsal interosseus muscles, and/or marked foot deformity and gait disturbance. Sensation is normal, although reduced response to vibration has been described. The disease is slowly progressive with an age of onset within the first few decades of life.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant distal hereditary motor neuropathy with characteristics of onset of slowly progressive distal limb weakness and atrophy between the second and fifth decades of life. Sensory involvement is typically less pronounced or absent. The severity of the condition is variable and both lower and upper extremities may be involved.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant form of heart-hand syndrome, first described in members of a Slovenian family. The syndrome has characteristics of adult onset, progressive cardiac conduction disease, tachyarrhythmias that can lead to sudden death, dilated cardiomyopathy and brachydactyly, with the hands less severely affected than the feet. Muscle weakness and/or myopathic electromyographic findings have been observed in some cases.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant hereditary axonal motor and sensory neuropathy characterized by early onset of generalized hypotonia and weakness, or later onset of distal lower limb muscle weakness and atrophy, cramps and sensory impairment. Weakness and atrophy progress in an asymmetric fashion to also involve the proximal and upper limbs in the course of the disease. Additional features are pyramidal signs like increased muscle tone and extensor plantar reflexes as well as learning difficulties.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant hereditary axonal motor and sensory neuropathy with characteristics of adult onset of slowly progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy, sensory impairment, and hyporeflexia beginning in the lower limbs. Progressive gait disturbance may lead to loss of independent ambulation in some patients at a higher age.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant hereditary axonal motor and sensory neuropathy with characteristics of childhood onset of slowly progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy primarily affecting the lower limbs, associated with sensory impairment and ataxia presenting with an unsteady, broad-based gait and frequent falls. Additional signs include decreased deep tendon reflexes and hand tremor.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant hereditary demyelinating motor and sensory neuropathy with characteristics of progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy, distal sensory impairment and decreased or absent reflexes in the affected limbs with an onset in the first or second decade of life. Median motor nerve conduction velocities are typically less than 38 m/s. Patients often have foot deformities. Sural nerve biopsy shows decrease in myelinated fibers, myelin abnormalities, and onion bulb formation. Fatty replacement of muscle tissue predominantly affects the anterior and lateral compartment of the lower legs.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant inherited chorioretinal degenerative disease presenting at birth or during infancy. The disease has characteristics of progressive bilateral retinal and choroidal atrophy which appears as lesions on the optic nerve and peripheral ocular fundus and leads to loss of central vision. Congenital anterior polar cataracts are sometimes associated with this disease. There is evidence this disease is caused by heterozygous mutation in the TEA domain family member-1 gene (TEAD1) on chromosome 11p15.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant limb girdle muscular dystrophy with characteristics of adult onset of proximal muscle weakness, pain and wasting predominantly affecting the proximal leg, lumbar paraspinal and medial gastrocnemius muscles. Upper limb involvement may also be observed in some cases. Serum creatine kinase is often but not always elevated and muscle biopsy shows non-specific myopathic changes. The severity of the disease is variable although most patients remain ambulatory.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominant neurological disorder with characteristics of early onset cerebellar ataxia, associated with areflexia, progressive optic atrophy, sensorineural deafness, a pes cavus deformity and abnormal eye movements.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal dominantly inherited disease of childhood characterized by hypoproliferative anemia, hyperuricemia and slowly progressing kidney failure due to dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal ichthyosis syndrome with prominent neurologic signs and the association of congenital ichthyosis with global developmental delay, intellectual disability, infantile-onset seizures and spastic tetraplegia. Brain imaging may show delayed myelination and cerebral atrophy. Marked intrafamilial variability has been reported.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal ichthyosis syndrome with prominent neurologic signs and the association of congenital ichthyosis with severe developmental delay, microcephaly, spastic tetraplegia, sensorineural hearing impairment, athetosis, and myoclonus. Marked epileptic discharges with occurrence of tonic spasms have also been reported. Cerebral MRI shows diffuse cortical atrophy.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with characteristics of adolescent or adult onset of slowly progressive muscle weakness and atrophy of the distal lower limbs progressing to involve also the upper limbs and proximal muscles and sensory impairment. Patients present gait disturbances and loss of reflexes, at later stages loss of ambulation, dysarthria, dysphagia, facial weakness and impairment of respiratory muscles requiring assisted ventilation.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with characteristics of adult onset of slowly progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy, sensory impairment and decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes predominantly in the lower extremities. Patients present gait disturbances but remain ambulatory. Mild involvement of the upper limbs may be seen.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with characteristics of childhood to adult onset of slowly progressive, sometimes asymmetric distal muscle weakness and atrophy, as well as sensory impairment, predominantly of the lower limbs. Additional common features include pes cavus, kyphoscoliosis, ankle contractures, tremor or urogenital dysfunction. Fasciculations and proximal involvement may be seen in some cases. Patients usually remain ambulatory.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with characteristics of infantile onset of recurrent episodes of acute liver failure (resulting in chronic liver fibrosis and hepatosplenomegaly), delayed motor development, cerebellar dysfunction presenting as gait disturbances and intention tremor, neurogenic stuttering and motor and sensory neuropathy with muscle weakness especially in the lower legs, and numbness. Mild intellectual disability was reported in some patients. MRI of the brain shows non-progressive atrophy of the cerebellar vermis and thinning of the optic nerve.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with characteristics of motor-predominant axonal polyneuropathy due to a defect in copper metabolism. Patients become symptomatic in infancy or childhood with subtle motor delay or regression, manifesting with progressive weakness, muscle wasting and absent reflexes in the lower and upper extremities. In addition, vibratory sensation is mildly diminished. Involvement of the face with weakness and fasciculation of facial muscles has also been described.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia associated with oculomotor apraxia, severe neuropathy, and hypoalbuminemia. Cerebellar ataxia is the first manifestation of AOA1 with progressive gait imbalance followed by dysarthria, and limb dysmetria. Later, peripheral axonal motor neuropathy dominates the clinical picture. Oculomotor apraxia is present in almost all individuals with AOA1. Chorea is present at onset in 80% of patients and upper limb dystonia occurs in about 50% of individuals. Additional features include square wave jerks, saccadic pursuit and gaze-evoked nystagmus, areflexia followed by severe peripheral neuropathy. Variable intellectual disability is observed.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia with characteristics of early onset of slowly progressive cerebellar atrophy, clinically manifesting with extremity and truncal ataxia, global developmental delay, intellectual impairment, nystagmus, dysarthria, intention tremor and pyramidal signs among others.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia with characteristics of onset of dystonia and other extrapyramidal signs, ataxia, oculomotor apraxia and progressive sensorimotor polyneuropathy in the first decade of life. Patients present distal muscle weakness and atrophy, decreased vibratory sensation and areflexia, and usually become wheelchair-bound by the third decade. Variable cognitive impairment may also be seen.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia with characteristics of progressive cerebellar ataxia associated with frequent oculomotor apraxia, severe neuropathy and an elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level. This disease is mostly an adolescent onset disorder. Caused by mutations in SETX gene (9q34), encoding senataxin protein, a DNA/RNA helicase in nucleus which is implicated in DNA break repair. Mutations in the gene PIK3R5 (17p13.1) have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease. Transmission is autosomal recessive.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia-epilepsy-intellectual disability syndrome characterized by early-childhood onset of cerebellar ataxia associated with generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy and psychomotor development delay, dysarthria, gaze-evoked nystagmus and learning disability. Other features in some patients include upper motor neuron signs with leg spasticity and extensor plantar responses, and mild cerebellar atrophy on brain MRI. Caused by homozygous mutation in the WWOX gene on chromosome 16q23.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive complex spastic paraplegia with characteristics of mostly adult-onset progressive spasticity and weakness predominantly affecting the lower limbs, axonal motor and sensory neuropathy and cerebellar symptoms like ataxia, dysarthria and oculomotor abnormalities. Variable degrees of cognitive impairment may also be present. Subtle extrapyramidal involvement and supranuclear gaze palsy were reported in some cases. Features on brain imaging include cerebral and cerebellar atrophy and sometimes abnormalities of the corpus callosum or basal ganglia.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive congenital non-dystrophic myopathy characterized by neonatal or infantile-onset hypotonia and mild to severe generalized muscle weakness. Causative gene mutation is ACTA1 (1q42.13).	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive congenital non-dystrophic myopathy characterized by neonatal or infantile-onset hypotonia and mild to severe generalized muscle weakness. Causative gene mutation is TPM3 (1q21.3).	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive congenital non-dystrophic myopathy characterized by neonatal or infantile-onset hypotonia and mild to severe generalized muscle weakness. Caused by SELENON (1p36.11) gene mutation.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by very early-onset and severe hypertension, low renin levels, low aldosterone, metabolic alkalosis, hypernatremia, and hypokalemia.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive distal hereditary motor neuropathy with characteristics of slowly progressive muscular weakness, hypotonia and atrophy of the lower limbs, more pronounced distally, leading to paralysis, and loss of tendon reflexes. Additional features may include pes cavus and mild dysphonia. The upper limbs are relatively spared. There is evidence this disease is caused by homozygous mutation in the DNAJB2 gene on chromosome 2q35.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive distal myopathy with characteristics of early adult-onset slowly progressive often asymmetrical lower limb muscle weakness initially affecting the calves (with relative anterior muscle sparing) and later proximal muscle involvement, as well as highly elevated creatine kinase (CK) serum levels. Age at onset ranges from 20 to 50 years. Clinical manifestations can be mild or subjectively nonexistent in spite of presenting clear changes on muscle imaging. Caused by loss of function mutations in the gene ANO5 (11p14.3) which encodes a protein highly expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle, as well as bone.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive distal myopathy with characteristics of slowly progressive diffuse muscle weakness in childhood, followed by predominantly distal muscle weakness in adolescence and quadriceps muscle weakness in the fourth decade. Facial muscle weakness is commonly reported. Muscle biopsy shows fiber size variation, increased internal nuclei, fiber splitting, rimmed vacuoles and focal endomysial fibrosis.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy characterized by congenital impaired sensation of acute or inflammatory pain in combination with an inability to identify noxious heat or cold, leading to numerous painless mutilating lesions and injuries. Further manifestations are absence of corneal reflexes resulting in corneal scarring, reduced sweating and tearing and recurrent skin infections. Large-fiber sensory modalities such as light touch, vibration and proprioception are normal.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy characterized by the complete absence of pain perception from birth, an unresponsiveness to soft touch, severe non-progressive cognitive delay and normal motor movement/behavior and strength. Affected cases retain hot and cold perception.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder caused by mutations in the SERAC1 gene. Multiple body systems are affected with manifestations including 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, deafness, encephalopathy and Leigh-like disease.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive iron metabolism disorder characterized by iron deficiency anemia (hypochromic, microcytic) that is often unresponsive to oral iron intake and partially responsive to parenteral iron treatment. 50 patients from 32 families of different ethnic origin have been described to date; however, it is likely that this condition is underdiagnosed. Most IRIDA patients have no major clinical signs, except for pallor, and have normal growth and development. IRIDA syndrome is due to mutations the TMPRSS6 gene encoding Matriptase 2, a transmembrane serine protease that plays an essential role in down-regulating hepcidin, the key regulator of iron homeostasis. Transmission is autosomal recessive.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive limb girdle muscular dystrophy with characteristics of childhood to adult onset of slowly progressive limb girdle muscular weakness often accompanied by calf hypertrophy and moderately elevated creatine kinase levels. Patients remain ambulatory but may variably present mild intellectual disability, seizures, migraine or cardiopulmonary involvement. Occurrence of dilated cardiomyopathy has been reported. Brain MRI typically shows hyperintensity in T2-weighted sequences. Muscle biopsy commonly reveals dystrophic features.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive limb girdle muscular dystrophy with characteristics of infantile to adolescent onset of a milder form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy with or without intellectual disability. Patients present variable proximal limb muscular weakness with calf hypertrophy and elevated serum creatine kinase.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy with characteristics of adult onset of progressive muscle weakness and atrophy in the proximal upper and lower limbs, leading to scapular winging and loss of independent ambulation. Respiratory function may become impaired in the course of the disease. Fatty degeneration of internal regions of thigh muscles sparing external areas has been reported, as well as a reduction of alpha-dystroglycan in muscle biopsies.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive microcephalic primordial dwarfism with characteristics of congenital microcephaly and craniofacial features associated with a spectrum of limb abnormalities ranging from mild to severe. Short stature is frequently observed and often is severe. The disorder is due to bi-allelic mutations in the downstream neighbor of SON, DONSON (21q22.11), a replisome component that stabilizes forks during genome replication.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome with characteristics of developmental delay, variable intellectual disability, microcephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, dysmorphic features (central incisors macrodontia and slender fingers), short stature and variable congenital anomalies. The disorder is due to biallelic variants in the BRF1 (14q32.33) gene; the pathogenic variants reported are missense variants, with only one frameshift mutation identified. All variants affect protein residues located within the cyclin 2 protein domain.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency characterized by infancy onset of severe inflammatory bowel disease with life-threatening diarrhea and failure to thrive, oral aphthous ulcers, and recurrent severe upper and lower respiratory tract infections with finger clubbing. Laboratory examination reveals increased IgE and decreased IgG levels, as well as reduced numbers of circulating CD19+ B-cells including IgM+ naive and class-switched IgG memory B-cells, with a concomitant increase in transitional B-cells, while T-cell numbers and function are normal.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency characterized by susceptibility to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoproliferative disorders such as malignant B-cell proliferation, Hodgkin lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, lymphoid granulomatosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and smooth muscle tumor. Patients present with persistent symptoms of infectious mononucleosis including recurrent febrile episodes, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly accompanied by a high EBV viral load in the blood. Additional manifestations are autoimmune diseases like hemolytic anemia or renal disease.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency characterized by susceptibility to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related disorders (B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders including Hodgkin lymphoma) as well as dysgammaglobulinemia and recurrent infections. Patients can present with recurrent fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, Behçet-like stomatitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, adenitis and viral encephalitis.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive syndromic cerebellar ataxia with the association of early-onset cerebellar ataxia, hearing loss and blindness. Patients may also present demyelinating peripheral motor neuropathy. Cerebral MRI shows alterations of the cerebellar white matter without cerebellar atrophy.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessive urea cycle defect characterized biologically by hyperammonemia and clinically by progressive lethargy, poor feeding and vomiting. There is evidence that this disease is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the ASS1 gene on chromosome 9q34.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal recessively inherited disorder of ketone body metabolism, characterized clinically by episodes of decompensation (often associated with gastroenteritis or fasting) that present with vomiting, lethargy, hepatomegaly, non ketotic hypoglycemia and in rare cases coma. Patients are mostly asymptomatic between acute episodes. This disease requires an early diagnosis in order to avoid hypoglycemic crisis that can lead to permanent brain damage or death. Caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the HMGCS2 gene on chromosome 1p12.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare autosomal trisomy with characteristics of reduced fetal movements and intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight and multiple congenital anomalies. The latter include amongst others facial dysmorphism (hypertelorism, cleft lip/palate, micrognathia, low hairline, and small low-set and posteriorly rotated ears), head circumference below average, deformities of the hands (camptodactyly) and feet, marked hypertrichosis and anomalies of the brain, heart, and lungs. Lethality appears to depend on the degree of mosaicism.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy characterized by adult onset of recurrent pain in legs with or without cramps, progressive loss of deep tendon reflexes and vibration sense, paresthesia in the feet and later in the hands. Patients often experience sleep disturbances and mild sensory ataxia.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy characterized by progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy of variable onset and severity. Patients present with postural instability, gait and running difficulties, decreased deep tendon reflexes, foot deformities, fine motor impairment and distal sensory impairment. Dysarthria, dysphagia and mild cognitive and behavioral abnormalities have also been reported.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with characteristics of adult onset of slowly progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy, decreased deep tendon reflexes of lower limbs and mild distal sensory loss leading to gait difficulties in most patients.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with characteristics of infantile onset of slowly progressive distal motor weakness and atrophy (more severe in legs and moderate in arms) with mildly delayed motor development, hypotonia, and distal sensory impairment of all sensory modalities.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with characteristics of progressive axonal neuropathy with limb weakness and severe distal sensory loss in all limbs and acrodystrophic changes leading to painless non-healing ulcers, osteomyelitis, contractures and mutilating lesions with loss of terminal phalanges. One family with three affected siblings is described and there have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1999.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with characteristics of slowly progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy with or without sensory loss resulting in difficulty in walking, foot drop and pes cavus, that may be associated with pyramidal signs (extensor plantar responses, mild increase in tone, brisk tendon reflexes), muscle cramps, pain and spasticity.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with early onset (less than 10 years) progressive distal muscle weakness and wasting of the lower limbs and later, to a lesser extent the upper limbs resulting in foot and wrist drop, areflexia, skeletal deformities (kyphoscoliosis, pes cavus with flattening, joint contractures), mild sensory impairment with vibration sense reduced to a greater extent than pain, optic atrophy and hearing loss. Wheelchair dependence by adolescence is usual and respiratory impairment with diaphragmatic paralysis may develop.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare bacterial infectious disease caused by extraintestinal infection of non-typhoidal serotypes of Salmonella enterica in patients with underlying HIV infection, malaria or malignancy. It has a high mortality rate and patients typically present with fever, pallor and respiratory signs (cough, tachypnea, pneumonia). Gastrointestinal manifestations (diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain) are not common. Occasionally, organ abscesses, septic shock and meningitis may be observed.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare bacterial pulmonary infectious disease caused by a Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus strain, characterized by severe respiratory failure, extensive, rapidly progressing pneumonia and hemorrhagic lung necrosis. Patients typically present with influenza-like symptoms, such as fever, cough, and chest pain, as well as hemoptysis, hypotension, leukopenia, and severe respiratory symptoms that rapidly evolve to acute respiratory distress syndrome and septic shock. High mortality is associated.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare balance disorder with characteristic of auditory and/or vestibular symptoms. This condition is caused by an opening (dehiscence) in the bone that overlays the superior semicircular canal within the inner ear.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare benign autosomal dominant disorder of fat tissue proliferation with characteristic of presence of multiple small lipomas of 2 to 5 cm in diameter in the middle third of the body (i.e. the forearms, trunk, and upper thighs), and which are generally painless and can be easily removed provided that they are not too numerous or confluent. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1984.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare benign congenital genetic skin disorder with characteristics of permanent and asymptomatic erythema of the palmar and less frequently the solar surfaces. In most cases, it presents with sharply demarcated redness of the thenar and hypothenar eminences, as well as the palmar aspect of the phalanges, with scattered telangiectasia spots that do not cause any discomfort (pain, itching or burning) to the patient.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare benign congenital malformation of the lymphatic system with a polypoidal, variable-sized, soft tissue mass located in the larynx. Most lesions manifest by the second year of life and depending on the size, patients may present with changes in voice, dysphagia, stridor, airway obstruction and/or respiratory distress. Cystic hygroma of the neck is frequently associated.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare benign cutaneous neoplasm containing keratinized epithelium and dermal derivatives, such as hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, smooth muscle or fibroadipose tissue which usually manifests as a slow-growing, painless mass in the submandibular or sublingual space. Depending on the location, and especially after sudden enlargement, it can cause dyspnea, dysphagia or dysphonia.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare benign cutaneous neoplasm containing keratinized epithelium and dermal derivatives, such as hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, smooth muscle or fibroadipose tissue, which usually manifests as a firm, nonpulsatile mass, often with a sinus opening or a hair-bearing punctum, most commonly located in the periorbital and nasal area.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare benign eye tumor characterized by the presence of glial cells, vascular tissue and sheets of pigment epithelial cells lacking the distribution and organization of the normal retina and retinal pigment epithelium. The lesion is most commonly found unilaterally as a slightly elevated mass in a peripapillary location but can also occur in the macula or the retinal periphery. It is sometimes associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 or 2, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, or branchio-oculo-facial syndrome. Patients may be asymptomatic or present with progressive loss of vision.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare benign genetic skin disease with characteristics of numerous, painless, encapsulated lipomas located in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the trunk and extremities, with relative sparing of the neck and shoulders. Association with gastroduodenal lipomatosis, brain anomalies or lipomatosis, and refractory epilepsy has been reported.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare benign highly vascularized tumor of the central nervous system most often located in the cerebellum or spinal cord. The disease presents in adulthood and manifests with dizziness, nausea, malaise, headache, bladder or bowel dysfunction, numbness, weakness and pain in the upper or lower extremities, and is often associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Exceptional cases of hemangioblastoma arising outside of the central nervous system have been reported.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare benign liver tumor of childhood that usually presents before the age of 2. The tumor is of mesenchymal origin and has a variable clinical presentation.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)
A rare benign nail tumor originating in the nail matrix characterized by localized or diffuse thickening of the nail plate, increased transverse or longitudinal overcurvature, a yellow longitudinal band of variable width, swelling of the proximal nail fold, multiple splinter hemorrhages and the presence of honeycomb-like cavities in the distal margin of the nail plate. Nail dystrophy and dorsal pterygium may be associated. Occasionally a pigmented lesion has been reported.	Preferred (foundation metadata concept)

Start Previous Page 146 of 12832 Next End

Reference Sets

Reference set descriptor

Back to Start

Id	Description	Lang	Type	Status	Case?	Module
900000000001115012	United States of America English language reference set	en	Synonym (core metadata concept)	Active	Entire term case sensitive (core metadata concept)	SNOMED CT model component module (core metadata concept)
900000000001116013	US English	en	Synonym (core metadata concept)	Active	Entire term case sensitive (core metadata concept)	SNOMED CT model component module (core metadata concept)
900000000001117016	United States of America English language reference set (foundation metadata concept)	en	Fully specified name	Active	Entire term case sensitive (core metadata concept)	SNOMED CT model component module (core metadata concept)